Historic England (Built Environment) rejection
Background
Historic England responded to the original submission in December 2014 with their concerns. They note that this application was subject to a design review by an external panel in March 2015, and amendments have been made to the scheme, but remain concerned about the impacts on the settings of heritage assets. They recognize this application is of great importance as it will signal both the determination of the council to provide an effective framework and will set the benchmark for the quality of future development over the next few years. "We are therefore very concerned that the right approach is taken and that due to the scale of development proposed, if approved, this application would have far reaching consequences for the future character of Kingston; its identity and sense of place." |
About Historic England
Historic England, formerly English Heritage, is the UK government's statutory adviser and a statutory consultee on all aspects of the historic environment and its heritage assets Applications for planning permission are required to consult or notify Historic England where the development would affect the setting of a Grade I or Grade II listed building among other reasons. Historic England's statutory remit is the impact of development proposals on the historic environment. |
Historic England's concerns
Historic England encourages the Council to reject these proposals. Welcome bringing back into use two Grade II listed buildings which are on the Heritage at Risk Register. The proposals would, however, cause significant harm to the setting of the listed buildings on the A15 site due to the 13, 10 and 9 storey elements in particular, and harm to the setting of the Market House due to the proposed 19 storey tower, notably the glazed top. The development would detract from the setting of the Kingston Old Town Conservation Area and the Fairfield/Knight's Park Conservation Areas, failing to meet the statutory test to preserve and enhance the character and appearance of locally and nationally designated heritage assets. It would also cause unnecessary and undesirable harm to the setting of Richmond Park, Bushy Park and Hampton Court Park and Hampton Court Palace which is of international significance, by increasing the prominence of built form of Kingston town centre and reducing the sense of openness of these historic landscapes, in particular due to the proposed tower with its light box tip. The harm has not been justified. ' |
The proposal does not meet the Council's detailed guidance for development on this site and should be in accordance with the Eden Quarter SPD. Insensitive post war developments have undue dominance in near and distant views in Kingston. Regretfully the tower would surpass these buildings in height. As this site would clearly benefit from development and is a key part of the Eden Quarter Masterplan, we would encourage the Council to reject these proposals and encourage the developer to return with a scheme that respects its context and the unique identity of Kingston. Disagree that the proposals represent distinctive architecture that respond to the prevailing rhythm and articulation of the historic and modern buildings in the surrounding area, as the proposal is similar to other developments across London. |
The letter in full
Mr Toby Feltham
Our ref: P00442431
Royal Borough of Kingston Upon Thames
2 Guildhall
High Street
Kingston upon Thames
KT1 1EU
13th May 2015
Dear Mr Feltham,
Notifications under Circular 01/2001, Circular 08/2009 & T&CP (Development Management Procedure) Order 2010
DEVELOPMENT SITE AT FORMER POST OFFICE, KINGSTON UPON THAMES
Application No 14/13247
Thank you for your letter of 20th April 2015 notifying Historic England of the revised information relating to the above application. Our statutory remit is the impact of development proposals on the historic environment. Our advice is based on an understanding of the significance of the historic environment affected by the proposals and an assessment within the context of national, regional and local planning policy as to whether the proposals harm, sustain or enhance this significance.
Historic England welcomes the additional information that has been produced since our initial response of 24th December 2014, and subsequent correspondence. The views provided and alterations to the Townscape, Visual Impact and Built Heritage Assessment (TVIBHA) go some way to responding to our earlier advice to the Council. Unfortunately they do not go far enough to address our concerns about the impacts on the settings of heritage assets. We note that this application was subject to a design review by an external panel in March 2015, and amendments have been made to the scheme. On the basis of this new information we can offer you the following comments.
Summary
Historic England acknowledges and welcomes your Council’s aspirations for delivering intensification in the town centre and the proactive approach being taken to providing a positive framework for such development. We recognise that a thriving town centre not only secures success for a place but is the best way of ensuring that the heritage assets in that place have uses that enable their continued maintenance and allow them to make a positive contribution both now and in the future. However, this intensification has to be based on a good understanding and appreciation for the unique and positive qualities already present and how the legacy of historic buildings and in the case of Kingston, landscapes, have a vital role in providing that sense of local identity.
This application is therefore of great importance as it will signal both the determination of the council to provide that effective framework and will set the benchmark for the quality of future development over the next few years.
We are therefore very concerned that the right approach is taken and that due to the scale of development proposed, if approved, this application would have far reaching consequences for the future character of Kingston; its identity and sense of place. This letter sets out our concerns about these proposals, covering:
• The information provided;
• The treatment of the setting of heritage assets;
• Our approach to setting relating to the listed buildings on site, the market place including the listed Market House and the surrounding registered landscapes;
• Our conclusions on the merits of the scheme.
Historic England considers that the application causes avoidable harm to the historic environment, which has not been adequately justified. We welcome the heritage benefits of bringing the two Buildings at Risk back into use, however, we consider that in relation to the whole of the historic environment affected by the scheme this proposal does not meet the Government’s definition of sustainable development set out in the NPPF. We note that it does not meet your detailed guidance for development on this site, the Eden Quarter SPD (2015) and so for these reasons we cannot support this application.
Significance
The Old Post Office site contains two Grade II listed buildings, the Sorting Office and the Telephone Exchange, both of which are on the Heritage at Risk Register. These buildings share an associative history and use, based on their functional relationship and civic architecture, which can be found in several other listed buildings of this period in Kingston and is a feature of the town centre. These traits and the intervisibility between the buildings are important elements of their setting, which make an important contribution to their significance.
Other buildings in the locality are listed at all grades, and the site is also adjacent to a number of conservation areas. These conservation areas contain the most significant buildings in the borough, including the Grade I listed All Saints Church and the Grade II* listed Market House. These historic civic and religious institutions of the town are the key landmarks of Kingston. The distinctive Italianate Market House is the focal point of the medieval Market Place, with its four corner turrets a defining feature of the skyline from all angles. Their visual prominence, derived from their design and setting, which has developed fortuitously, is of great significance to Kingston as a whole.
The significance of these listed buildings and their setting is heightened by the shape of the Market Place and historic sense of enclosure. Described as ‘the best preserved of its type in outer London’ by Cherry and Pevsner, the centre of Kingston including the Market Place, is a remarkable survival of a traditional market town within an urban environment. 1 Much of this area is covered by Kingston Old Town Conservation Area, and the TVIBHA correctly measures its quality by the 37 listed buildings and further 30 buildings of townscape merit it contains. Recent award winning public realm works have drawn on the significance of this place, which is fundamental to the unique identity of Kingston both historically and today.
These assets are further enhanced by their proximity to the river Thames, with the Grade II* Kingston Bridge spanning the river. The river Thames has influenced the development of London throughout history, and the Royal Borough of Kingston is fortunate to sit within a unique cluster of the most highly graded landscapes in England. This Arcadian Thames landscape contains the Grade I Registered Richmond Park, Bushy Park and Hampton Court Park, all of which retain a sense of remoteness and a bucolic atmosphere not found within many other localities within Greater London. These parks are also of great historic significance, bound up as they are with Royal associations. These features, both tangible and intangible, are interrelated due to the proximity of the parks to one another and to the river. They are fundamental aspects of the parks’ setting which enhance the experience of the visitor as they move through the landscape.
Similarly, the location and prominence of the settlements around the registered landscapes, including Kingston, is part of their setting. If these settlements are not managed with due regard for the landscapes, there is the potential for development to have a negative impact upon the landscapes’ significance. The significance of these landscapes and their setting has led to their conservation for the enjoyment of everyone, within the framework of the Thames Landscape Strategy: Hampton to Kew established over 20 years ago to protect this unique historic environment.
Although some distance from the development site, the proposals would be visible from Hampton Court Palace, and would affect its setting. The importance of the setting of Hampton Court Palace and its environs cannot be over emphasised, particularly when considering their interrelated significance. The Palace is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and a complex of international importance, which could reasonably be described as the British equivalent of the Palace of Versailles. The Palace is the central feature around which the topography and planting of the Palace Gardens, Hampton Court Park and Bushy Park unite, reflecting the formal and natural elements which contribute to the historic understanding of
the Palace. Framed by the Thames, the tranquillity and openness of the landscape contribute positively and are an important part of the unique historic context of this important building.
The area to the south and east of the Old Post Office site is designated as the Fairfield/Knights Park Conservation Area. This area is characterised by early suburban housing of various sizes and designs dating mainly from the 1820s–1900. These are set around the Fairfield recreation space which is the largest accessible recreational space in the urban area. While there are some larger buildings in the town centre that are visible within the conservation area, these have a limited impact on the character and appearance of this conservation area, whose setting is currently characterised by low scale development and clear sky, which reinforces the sense of the historic suburban environment with its houses and trees.
Impact
The impact of the proposals on the Sorting Office and Telephone Exchange would be both positive, in terms of the restoration of the buildings at risk, and negative because of the scale of harm that would be caused to their setting. The extent of demolition proposed to the listed buildings is limited and their heritage significance would be better revealed by their repair and reuse. The proposed uses are considered appropriate, and the public accessibility of the Sorting Office would contribute to the appreciation of the listed building. For these reasons Historic England is supportive of this element of the scheme.
Nevertheless, Historic England agrees with the assessment made in the Alan Baxter Associates Heritage Report (December 2014) that the impact on the settings of the two listed buildings would be harmful due to the height and massing of the new proposals. These former civic buildings, which stand around three stories tall, would be dwarfed by the 13, 10 and 9 storey elements that would surround them. The 13 storey tower competes for attention and is of a very different and alien scale compared with Ashdown Road. The recent changes to the design, introducing a three storey colonnade at the base of the tower between the listed buildings, emphasise the disparity in heights between the development and its immediate context.
A comparable scheme where a historic building was surrounded by significantly larger scaled development clearly illustrates the harm that would be caused by this approach. Brunswick House (Grade II*) is juxtaposed against the St George Wharf Development, Wandsworth Road, Vauxhall. In LB Lambeth’s recent tall building study (August 2014), the Council highlight how the modern development overwhelms the listed Brunswick House, substantially harming its setting due to its close proximity and overly dominant form and scale. We consider that these proposals at the Old Post Office site would similarly overwhelm the two listed buildings, causing a similar degree of harm.
The impact of the scheme on the surrounding townscape and designated landscapes is only partially addressed by the TVIBHA. While some elements of the significance of these assets are described, the TVIBHA concentrates principally on specific views (para. 10.2, p.255 TVIBHA) to the detriment of fully assessing the setting of the assets. We consider that the assessment methodology adopted does not accord with the approach with the Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3 ‘The Setting of Heritage Assets’, which builds on our earlier published guidance on this subject (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/gpa3-setting-of-heritage-assets/gpa3.pdf/).
Paragraph 12 of the Advice Note sets out a 5 step approach, of which only the first step has been covered by the TVIBHA. Key to this approach is the assessment of the contribution that setting makes to the significance of the heritage assets to which it relates. This should be followed by an assessment of the effect of the proposals on the assets’ setting. By focusing on fixed viewpoints that only cover some elements of assets’ significance, the TVIBHA’s methodology fails to properly define the extent of the setting of larger assets such as registered landscapes and does not clearly identify how that setting contributes to their significance. The concentration on examining fixed views that only cover some of the contribution to the setting means that assessment of impact is only partial. By not addressing the concerns raised in relation to this approach, Historic England considers that the impact of the proposals on the setting of the Kingston Old Town Conservation Area including the Market House; the Fairfield/Knights Park Conservation Area; Richmond Park, Bushy Park and Hampton Court Park or Hampton Court Palace has not been fully assessed in a satisfactory manner.
The Accurate Visual Representations in the TVIBHA establish the visibility of the proposals from various places, including where the setting of the heritage assets contributes to their significance. For example, by appearing above the rooftops of the Market Place, the proposed 19 storey tower would be visible in kinetic views in the Market Place, and would appear from behind the Market House with its landmark decorative turrets. By intruding on the Market Place from afar the tower would undermine the historic sense of enclosure that characterises the Market Place and is a key feature of its setting. Similarly, by drawing attention away from the Market House as a principal landmark feature at the centre of the settlement as befits its historic civic role, the highly conspicuous tower would form a new feature on the skyline which would compete due to its design, materials and height. This is in contrast to the existing buildings which form generally harmonious elements of a complimentary setting due to their grain, scale and historic designs. The top of the proposed tower, notably the glazed upper storeys, would be particularly obtrusive after dusk when it would appear as an internally illuminated beacon. There are currently very limited intrusions to the historic skyline of the Market Place. The most notable, Kingston College, causes demonstrable harm to the setting of the conservation area and the Market House. This would be exacerbated and
surpassed by the proposed development with its highly glazed upper floors and its prominence beside the Market House.
This harm to setting would be replicated for the registered landscapes, where despite the distances, the modern tower with its light-box tip would distract from the sense of openness, naturalness, tranquillity and associative historic attributes which are fundamental to the significance of the parks and the experience of their settings as one moves around them. If approved, the proposals would change the relationship between the landscapes and Kingston in a manner that accentuates the built form to a greater degree than any previous buildings in the town. While some elements of Kingston’s built environment such as All Saints Church make a positive impact on the setting of the parks, this greater emphasis of the built form from within the setting of the parks is considered harmful. Furthermore, by drawing attention to Kingston town centre, the tower would distract from Hampton Court Palace which is the historic focus of these landscapes, thereby detracting from its significance.
When considering the impact of the proposals on the setting of Hampton Court Palace, we note that the view-points chosen from the Palace Gardens of the proposals were masked by trees. This is unfortunate as it does not aid the understanding of the development’s impact. Instead it raises questions about the viewing experience looking down the avenues of yew trees, and from the ends of the avenues of trees where the views open out. Such views would better reflect the significance of the historic landscape design for which it is registered. Trees often enhance the historic environment, but sometimes they may be inappropriate, and have a disproportionate effect in designed landscapes, as at Hampton Court. The oversize yews to the east of the Palace have been identified as having an impact that is not in keeping with the original intentions of this designed baroque landscape. We note that they are likely to be removed at some point, which would increase the visibility of the proposed development from this locality. Your Council should avoid development that would preclude the future good management and enhancement of the significance of this asset.
The proposals would also have a major impact on the setting of the Fairfield/Knights Park Conservation Area. This would be visible in public and private views, with the 19 storey tower becoming a prominent feature from many locations in the conservation area, including from Fairfield Park where the development would be visually dominant. This would radically change the setting of the park and the conservation area, where the existing suburban character would be undermined by a height and scale that might be expected in an inner city location.
In addition to our wider concerns about the approach to assessing the scheme’s impact on the setting of heritage assets, Historic England also has concerns about the methodology employed in the TVIBHA. The hierarchy of importance set out in paragraph 2:20 of the TVIBHA, groups Grade II* listed buildings with Grade IIs, conservation areas, and all registered
parks and gardens. This is inconsistent with paragraph 13.13 (p.259 TVIBHA) which groups Grade II* listed buildings with Grade I listed buildings and Grade I and Grade II* registered parks and gardens as being of high importance. This is significant when considering the impact of the proposals on the Market House and on the registered landscapes. By down playing the importance of these heritage assets when considering their sensitivity to change, the conclusions of the TVIBHA are liable to be, and in our view are indeed, inaccurate. Tables and assessment matrices are only a tool to aid judgement and cannot of themselves provide the full assessment of impact.
Secondly, we do not agree with the applicants about the urban design and architectural merits of their proposals, which appear to be the principal reason for describing many of the impacts in a neutral or positive manner. Despite the recent amendments, we strongly disagree that the proposals represent ‘distinctive’ architecture that respond to the ‘prevailing rhythm and articulation of the historic and modern buildings in the surrounding area’. This is due to the proposed scale, forms, footprint and architectural detailing of the proposals, which, in our view is very similar to other developments across London and has very limited regard to its context.
Policy
When considering whether to grant planning permission, Section 66 (1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 places a duty on your authority to consider the impact of the development proposals upon listed buildings and their settings. It states that the determining authority ‘shall have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses’. Setting and the contribution it makes to significance has statutory protection which the views affected by this development do not. Similarly, Section 72 of the Act requires local authorities to have special regard to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of conservation areas. This includes the considering the impact of developments outside of conservation areas on the significance of the conservation areas.
The Government places particular weight on the quality of the design of new proposals. The NPPF provides clear guidance on how schemes in historic areas should integrate into their context. Paragraph 58 states that the planning process should ensure that developments “respond to local character and history, and reflect the identity of local surroundings and materials”. Similarly, paragraphs 60 and 61 emphasise the importance of promoting and reinforcing local distinctiveness by addressing the connections between people and places and integrating new development into the natural, built and historic environments.
In terms of making decisions on cases that affect the historic environment the NPPF requires local planning authorities to take account of “the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the
significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation” (para 131). Paragraph 131 also requires LPAs to consider “the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness.” We would like to draw particular attention to this policy, as we consider that an appropriately scaled development on the Old Post Office site could greatly enhance the character, appearance and function of this metropolitan centre and better reveal the heritage significance of the Kingston town centre as a whole.
We also draw particular attention to paragraph 132 of the NPPF which underlines that “heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification”. To date we do not consider that the impacts of the scheme have been fully described, nor do we find convincing the justification put forward in major part because it does not acknowledge the harm. In respect of the impact of the new building on heritage assets and their setting, paragraphs 128-129, 131-134 and 137-138 of the NPPF are also considered relevant. These refer to the need of fully understanding the heritage significance of a site when making decisions, the desirability of sustaining and enhancing heritage significance through the planning process and a series of tests that need to be met when assessing cases where there is likely to be harm caused to heritage significance.
The 2015 London Plan provides a strategic framework for development in London. This includes key policies related to heritage assets (7.8). These seek to protect the historic environment from development that is not sympathetic in terms of scale, materials, details and form.
The Royal Borough of Kingston Core Strategy (adopted in 2012) policies CS8 and DM10-12 relate to heritage and design, and aim to achieve Core Strategy Objective 7 to conserve, manage and enhance Kingston’s heritage assets. These policies seek to ensure that works affecting heritage buildings and the design of new buildings contribute to Kingston’s attractive and distinctive character. The Council has also produced supplementary planning documents which are useful for informing decision making on this site. The most recent of these is the Eden Quarter SPD which was adopted in February 2015. Historic England welcomes the pro-active approach to planning taken by the Council in producing this SPD. However, if the SPD is to achieve its aims, it is important that developments are approved in line with its details and not contrary to it.
For example, the Eden Quarter SPD provides detailed guidance on what would be an appropriate height for development on this site and how it should be distributed. The historic scale of the conservation areas that surround the site and of the listed buildings on the site, contributes to their significance and their distinctive characters. The recognition of this significance, as well as the larger twentieth-century developments that complete the Old Post Office site’s context, explain and justify the policy approach taken to building heights by
the Council in the Eden Quarter SPD. The SPD promotes a maximum height of 6-8 storeys for most of the site (figure 8). The SPD notes that the height of the development should step down in height (from 6-8 storeys) towards the listed buildings so as to be sensitive to their smaller scale. While the height plan does suggest that a building of 9+ storeys may be appropriate on the southern part of the site, the text requires development to respond to existing heritage, forming a sensitive and attractive backdrop and setting for heritage assets, including significant open spaces both in Kingston and other boroughs.
Position
Given the impact of the proposals on the significance of a wide range of heritage assets, and national policy on settings and local guidance on the appropriate scale of development on this site, we consider that the current scheme is unacceptable in heritage terms. We note the advice of South East Regional Design Panel regarding the form, massing and other architectural considerations. While we are yet to be convinced of the merits of this site for a tall building given the impacts that it would have on heritage assets, we share the panel’s concerns that there is too much development proposed on this site, in what is effectively one very large structure. This concern has not been adequately addressed by the alterations that have been made to the scheme, as the impacts on the setting of the heritage assets affected are still too numerous and too great.
Historic England considers that the two tower elements, now proposed at 19 and 13 stories tall, are too high and are the principal causes of harm to the heritage assets. The taller tower, as the design review panel noted, is intended to serve as a marker for the town in distant views. Unfortunately, some of those views are from Registered Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest, and conservation areas, whose significance (setting, character and appearance) is neither preserved nor enhanced by the tall building. We note that the revised design ignores the advice of the design review panel and increased the extent of glazing on the facades. In our view this is more likely to draw attention to how different this development is from its context, most obtrusively at roof level, where the new glazed top storeys are likely to be visually intrusive in all views of the site.
The lower tower requires a reduction of 5-7 storeys to comply with the recently adopted SPD. The height of the taller building also needs to be reduced to ensure that it respects its context and complies with national, regional and local policy and no longer cause harm to the setting of local and wider heritage assets. The TVIBHA correctly notes that the town centre suffers from the impacts of several insensitive post-war developments (para. 17.5). These, it goes on to say, have ‘undue dominance on Kingston’s skyline in near and distant views’. Regretfully it is these developments that the current proposals seek to surpass in height and prominence, and which are used to justify it. As the CABE/English Heritage Guidance on Tall Buildings (2007) notes, due to their prominence tall buildings can harm the qualities that people value about places. It goes on to state, with great pertinence to this proposed justification that:
“there have been too many examples of tall buildings that have been unsuitably sited, poorly designed and detailed, badly built or incompetently managed … The existence of a tall building in a particular location will not of itself justify its replacement with a new tall building on the same site or in the same area.”
To be acceptable, very large developments such as tall buildings should be in an appropriate location, of excellent design quality in their own right and should enhance the qualities of its immediate location and wider setting. Given its poor relationship to its historic context, we consider that the proposed development, and notably the tower elements, fail to meet these tests. This is a fundamental issue with the design approach adopted which seeks to create its own sense of place (TVIBHA para. 5:20), rather than seeking to respond successfully to the positive elements of the existing context.
Recommendation
The policy tests in the NPPF require ‘great weight’ to be given to the conservation of heritage assets and their settings. In our view, the proposals would cause significant harm to the setting of the listed buildings on the site, and harm to the setting of the Market House. Historic England considers that the development would detract from the Kingston Old Town Conservation Area and the Fairfield/Knight’s Park Conservation Areas, failing to meet the statutory test to preserve and enhance the character and appearance of locally and nationally designated heritage assets. It would also cause unnecessary and undesirable harm to the setting of Richmond Park, Bushy Park and Hampton Court Park and Hampton Court Palace which is of international significance, by increasing the prominence of built form of Kingston town centre and reducing the sense of openness and naturalness that is so important to these historic landscapes. In our view the harm has not been justified, despite the extensive documentation submitted.
As this site would clearly benefit from development and is a key part of the Eden Quarter Masterplan, we would encourage the Council to reject these proposals and encourage the developer to return with a scheme that respects its context and the unique identity of Kingston.
Please note that this response relates to historic building and historic area matters only. If there are any archaeological implications to the proposals it is recommended that you contact the Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service for further advice (Tel: 020 7973 3732).
Yours sincerely,
Stephen Senior
cc. David English, Historic Places Adviser
Our ref: P00442431
Royal Borough of Kingston Upon Thames
2 Guildhall
High Street
Kingston upon Thames
KT1 1EU
13th May 2015
Dear Mr Feltham,
Notifications under Circular 01/2001, Circular 08/2009 & T&CP (Development Management Procedure) Order 2010
DEVELOPMENT SITE AT FORMER POST OFFICE, KINGSTON UPON THAMES
Application No 14/13247
Thank you for your letter of 20th April 2015 notifying Historic England of the revised information relating to the above application. Our statutory remit is the impact of development proposals on the historic environment. Our advice is based on an understanding of the significance of the historic environment affected by the proposals and an assessment within the context of national, regional and local planning policy as to whether the proposals harm, sustain or enhance this significance.
Historic England welcomes the additional information that has been produced since our initial response of 24th December 2014, and subsequent correspondence. The views provided and alterations to the Townscape, Visual Impact and Built Heritage Assessment (TVIBHA) go some way to responding to our earlier advice to the Council. Unfortunately they do not go far enough to address our concerns about the impacts on the settings of heritage assets. We note that this application was subject to a design review by an external panel in March 2015, and amendments have been made to the scheme. On the basis of this new information we can offer you the following comments.
Summary
Historic England acknowledges and welcomes your Council’s aspirations for delivering intensification in the town centre and the proactive approach being taken to providing a positive framework for such development. We recognise that a thriving town centre not only secures success for a place but is the best way of ensuring that the heritage assets in that place have uses that enable their continued maintenance and allow them to make a positive contribution both now and in the future. However, this intensification has to be based on a good understanding and appreciation for the unique and positive qualities already present and how the legacy of historic buildings and in the case of Kingston, landscapes, have a vital role in providing that sense of local identity.
This application is therefore of great importance as it will signal both the determination of the council to provide that effective framework and will set the benchmark for the quality of future development over the next few years.
We are therefore very concerned that the right approach is taken and that due to the scale of development proposed, if approved, this application would have far reaching consequences for the future character of Kingston; its identity and sense of place. This letter sets out our concerns about these proposals, covering:
• The information provided;
• The treatment of the setting of heritage assets;
• Our approach to setting relating to the listed buildings on site, the market place including the listed Market House and the surrounding registered landscapes;
• Our conclusions on the merits of the scheme.
Historic England considers that the application causes avoidable harm to the historic environment, which has not been adequately justified. We welcome the heritage benefits of bringing the two Buildings at Risk back into use, however, we consider that in relation to the whole of the historic environment affected by the scheme this proposal does not meet the Government’s definition of sustainable development set out in the NPPF. We note that it does not meet your detailed guidance for development on this site, the Eden Quarter SPD (2015) and so for these reasons we cannot support this application.
Significance
The Old Post Office site contains two Grade II listed buildings, the Sorting Office and the Telephone Exchange, both of which are on the Heritage at Risk Register. These buildings share an associative history and use, based on their functional relationship and civic architecture, which can be found in several other listed buildings of this period in Kingston and is a feature of the town centre. These traits and the intervisibility between the buildings are important elements of their setting, which make an important contribution to their significance.
Other buildings in the locality are listed at all grades, and the site is also adjacent to a number of conservation areas. These conservation areas contain the most significant buildings in the borough, including the Grade I listed All Saints Church and the Grade II* listed Market House. These historic civic and religious institutions of the town are the key landmarks of Kingston. The distinctive Italianate Market House is the focal point of the medieval Market Place, with its four corner turrets a defining feature of the skyline from all angles. Their visual prominence, derived from their design and setting, which has developed fortuitously, is of great significance to Kingston as a whole.
The significance of these listed buildings and their setting is heightened by the shape of the Market Place and historic sense of enclosure. Described as ‘the best preserved of its type in outer London’ by Cherry and Pevsner, the centre of Kingston including the Market Place, is a remarkable survival of a traditional market town within an urban environment. 1 Much of this area is covered by Kingston Old Town Conservation Area, and the TVIBHA correctly measures its quality by the 37 listed buildings and further 30 buildings of townscape merit it contains. Recent award winning public realm works have drawn on the significance of this place, which is fundamental to the unique identity of Kingston both historically and today.
These assets are further enhanced by their proximity to the river Thames, with the Grade II* Kingston Bridge spanning the river. The river Thames has influenced the development of London throughout history, and the Royal Borough of Kingston is fortunate to sit within a unique cluster of the most highly graded landscapes in England. This Arcadian Thames landscape contains the Grade I Registered Richmond Park, Bushy Park and Hampton Court Park, all of which retain a sense of remoteness and a bucolic atmosphere not found within many other localities within Greater London. These parks are also of great historic significance, bound up as they are with Royal associations. These features, both tangible and intangible, are interrelated due to the proximity of the parks to one another and to the river. They are fundamental aspects of the parks’ setting which enhance the experience of the visitor as they move through the landscape.
Similarly, the location and prominence of the settlements around the registered landscapes, including Kingston, is part of their setting. If these settlements are not managed with due regard for the landscapes, there is the potential for development to have a negative impact upon the landscapes’ significance. The significance of these landscapes and their setting has led to their conservation for the enjoyment of everyone, within the framework of the Thames Landscape Strategy: Hampton to Kew established over 20 years ago to protect this unique historic environment.
Although some distance from the development site, the proposals would be visible from Hampton Court Palace, and would affect its setting. The importance of the setting of Hampton Court Palace and its environs cannot be over emphasised, particularly when considering their interrelated significance. The Palace is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and a complex of international importance, which could reasonably be described as the British equivalent of the Palace of Versailles. The Palace is the central feature around which the topography and planting of the Palace Gardens, Hampton Court Park and Bushy Park unite, reflecting the formal and natural elements which contribute to the historic understanding of
the Palace. Framed by the Thames, the tranquillity and openness of the landscape contribute positively and are an important part of the unique historic context of this important building.
The area to the south and east of the Old Post Office site is designated as the Fairfield/Knights Park Conservation Area. This area is characterised by early suburban housing of various sizes and designs dating mainly from the 1820s–1900. These are set around the Fairfield recreation space which is the largest accessible recreational space in the urban area. While there are some larger buildings in the town centre that are visible within the conservation area, these have a limited impact on the character and appearance of this conservation area, whose setting is currently characterised by low scale development and clear sky, which reinforces the sense of the historic suburban environment with its houses and trees.
Impact
The impact of the proposals on the Sorting Office and Telephone Exchange would be both positive, in terms of the restoration of the buildings at risk, and negative because of the scale of harm that would be caused to their setting. The extent of demolition proposed to the listed buildings is limited and their heritage significance would be better revealed by their repair and reuse. The proposed uses are considered appropriate, and the public accessibility of the Sorting Office would contribute to the appreciation of the listed building. For these reasons Historic England is supportive of this element of the scheme.
Nevertheless, Historic England agrees with the assessment made in the Alan Baxter Associates Heritage Report (December 2014) that the impact on the settings of the two listed buildings would be harmful due to the height and massing of the new proposals. These former civic buildings, which stand around three stories tall, would be dwarfed by the 13, 10 and 9 storey elements that would surround them. The 13 storey tower competes for attention and is of a very different and alien scale compared with Ashdown Road. The recent changes to the design, introducing a three storey colonnade at the base of the tower between the listed buildings, emphasise the disparity in heights between the development and its immediate context.
A comparable scheme where a historic building was surrounded by significantly larger scaled development clearly illustrates the harm that would be caused by this approach. Brunswick House (Grade II*) is juxtaposed against the St George Wharf Development, Wandsworth Road, Vauxhall. In LB Lambeth’s recent tall building study (August 2014), the Council highlight how the modern development overwhelms the listed Brunswick House, substantially harming its setting due to its close proximity and overly dominant form and scale. We consider that these proposals at the Old Post Office site would similarly overwhelm the two listed buildings, causing a similar degree of harm.
The impact of the scheme on the surrounding townscape and designated landscapes is only partially addressed by the TVIBHA. While some elements of the significance of these assets are described, the TVIBHA concentrates principally on specific views (para. 10.2, p.255 TVIBHA) to the detriment of fully assessing the setting of the assets. We consider that the assessment methodology adopted does not accord with the approach with the Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3 ‘The Setting of Heritage Assets’, which builds on our earlier published guidance on this subject (https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/gpa3-setting-of-heritage-assets/gpa3.pdf/).
Paragraph 12 of the Advice Note sets out a 5 step approach, of which only the first step has been covered by the TVIBHA. Key to this approach is the assessment of the contribution that setting makes to the significance of the heritage assets to which it relates. This should be followed by an assessment of the effect of the proposals on the assets’ setting. By focusing on fixed viewpoints that only cover some elements of assets’ significance, the TVIBHA’s methodology fails to properly define the extent of the setting of larger assets such as registered landscapes and does not clearly identify how that setting contributes to their significance. The concentration on examining fixed views that only cover some of the contribution to the setting means that assessment of impact is only partial. By not addressing the concerns raised in relation to this approach, Historic England considers that the impact of the proposals on the setting of the Kingston Old Town Conservation Area including the Market House; the Fairfield/Knights Park Conservation Area; Richmond Park, Bushy Park and Hampton Court Park or Hampton Court Palace has not been fully assessed in a satisfactory manner.
The Accurate Visual Representations in the TVIBHA establish the visibility of the proposals from various places, including where the setting of the heritage assets contributes to their significance. For example, by appearing above the rooftops of the Market Place, the proposed 19 storey tower would be visible in kinetic views in the Market Place, and would appear from behind the Market House with its landmark decorative turrets. By intruding on the Market Place from afar the tower would undermine the historic sense of enclosure that characterises the Market Place and is a key feature of its setting. Similarly, by drawing attention away from the Market House as a principal landmark feature at the centre of the settlement as befits its historic civic role, the highly conspicuous tower would form a new feature on the skyline which would compete due to its design, materials and height. This is in contrast to the existing buildings which form generally harmonious elements of a complimentary setting due to their grain, scale and historic designs. The top of the proposed tower, notably the glazed upper storeys, would be particularly obtrusive after dusk when it would appear as an internally illuminated beacon. There are currently very limited intrusions to the historic skyline of the Market Place. The most notable, Kingston College, causes demonstrable harm to the setting of the conservation area and the Market House. This would be exacerbated and
surpassed by the proposed development with its highly glazed upper floors and its prominence beside the Market House.
This harm to setting would be replicated for the registered landscapes, where despite the distances, the modern tower with its light-box tip would distract from the sense of openness, naturalness, tranquillity and associative historic attributes which are fundamental to the significance of the parks and the experience of their settings as one moves around them. If approved, the proposals would change the relationship between the landscapes and Kingston in a manner that accentuates the built form to a greater degree than any previous buildings in the town. While some elements of Kingston’s built environment such as All Saints Church make a positive impact on the setting of the parks, this greater emphasis of the built form from within the setting of the parks is considered harmful. Furthermore, by drawing attention to Kingston town centre, the tower would distract from Hampton Court Palace which is the historic focus of these landscapes, thereby detracting from its significance.
When considering the impact of the proposals on the setting of Hampton Court Palace, we note that the view-points chosen from the Palace Gardens of the proposals were masked by trees. This is unfortunate as it does not aid the understanding of the development’s impact. Instead it raises questions about the viewing experience looking down the avenues of yew trees, and from the ends of the avenues of trees where the views open out. Such views would better reflect the significance of the historic landscape design for which it is registered. Trees often enhance the historic environment, but sometimes they may be inappropriate, and have a disproportionate effect in designed landscapes, as at Hampton Court. The oversize yews to the east of the Palace have been identified as having an impact that is not in keeping with the original intentions of this designed baroque landscape. We note that they are likely to be removed at some point, which would increase the visibility of the proposed development from this locality. Your Council should avoid development that would preclude the future good management and enhancement of the significance of this asset.
The proposals would also have a major impact on the setting of the Fairfield/Knights Park Conservation Area. This would be visible in public and private views, with the 19 storey tower becoming a prominent feature from many locations in the conservation area, including from Fairfield Park where the development would be visually dominant. This would radically change the setting of the park and the conservation area, where the existing suburban character would be undermined by a height and scale that might be expected in an inner city location.
In addition to our wider concerns about the approach to assessing the scheme’s impact on the setting of heritage assets, Historic England also has concerns about the methodology employed in the TVIBHA. The hierarchy of importance set out in paragraph 2:20 of the TVIBHA, groups Grade II* listed buildings with Grade IIs, conservation areas, and all registered
parks and gardens. This is inconsistent with paragraph 13.13 (p.259 TVIBHA) which groups Grade II* listed buildings with Grade I listed buildings and Grade I and Grade II* registered parks and gardens as being of high importance. This is significant when considering the impact of the proposals on the Market House and on the registered landscapes. By down playing the importance of these heritage assets when considering their sensitivity to change, the conclusions of the TVIBHA are liable to be, and in our view are indeed, inaccurate. Tables and assessment matrices are only a tool to aid judgement and cannot of themselves provide the full assessment of impact.
Secondly, we do not agree with the applicants about the urban design and architectural merits of their proposals, which appear to be the principal reason for describing many of the impacts in a neutral or positive manner. Despite the recent amendments, we strongly disagree that the proposals represent ‘distinctive’ architecture that respond to the ‘prevailing rhythm and articulation of the historic and modern buildings in the surrounding area’. This is due to the proposed scale, forms, footprint and architectural detailing of the proposals, which, in our view is very similar to other developments across London and has very limited regard to its context.
Policy
When considering whether to grant planning permission, Section 66 (1) of the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 places a duty on your authority to consider the impact of the development proposals upon listed buildings and their settings. It states that the determining authority ‘shall have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building or its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest which it possesses’. Setting and the contribution it makes to significance has statutory protection which the views affected by this development do not. Similarly, Section 72 of the Act requires local authorities to have special regard to the desirability of preserving or enhancing the character or appearance of conservation areas. This includes the considering the impact of developments outside of conservation areas on the significance of the conservation areas.
The Government places particular weight on the quality of the design of new proposals. The NPPF provides clear guidance on how schemes in historic areas should integrate into their context. Paragraph 58 states that the planning process should ensure that developments “respond to local character and history, and reflect the identity of local surroundings and materials”. Similarly, paragraphs 60 and 61 emphasise the importance of promoting and reinforcing local distinctiveness by addressing the connections between people and places and integrating new development into the natural, built and historic environments.
In terms of making decisions on cases that affect the historic environment the NPPF requires local planning authorities to take account of “the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the
significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation” (para 131). Paragraph 131 also requires LPAs to consider “the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness.” We would like to draw particular attention to this policy, as we consider that an appropriately scaled development on the Old Post Office site could greatly enhance the character, appearance and function of this metropolitan centre and better reveal the heritage significance of the Kingston town centre as a whole.
We also draw particular attention to paragraph 132 of the NPPF which underlines that “heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification”. To date we do not consider that the impacts of the scheme have been fully described, nor do we find convincing the justification put forward in major part because it does not acknowledge the harm. In respect of the impact of the new building on heritage assets and their setting, paragraphs 128-129, 131-134 and 137-138 of the NPPF are also considered relevant. These refer to the need of fully understanding the heritage significance of a site when making decisions, the desirability of sustaining and enhancing heritage significance through the planning process and a series of tests that need to be met when assessing cases where there is likely to be harm caused to heritage significance.
The 2015 London Plan provides a strategic framework for development in London. This includes key policies related to heritage assets (7.8). These seek to protect the historic environment from development that is not sympathetic in terms of scale, materials, details and form.
The Royal Borough of Kingston Core Strategy (adopted in 2012) policies CS8 and DM10-12 relate to heritage and design, and aim to achieve Core Strategy Objective 7 to conserve, manage and enhance Kingston’s heritage assets. These policies seek to ensure that works affecting heritage buildings and the design of new buildings contribute to Kingston’s attractive and distinctive character. The Council has also produced supplementary planning documents which are useful for informing decision making on this site. The most recent of these is the Eden Quarter SPD which was adopted in February 2015. Historic England welcomes the pro-active approach to planning taken by the Council in producing this SPD. However, if the SPD is to achieve its aims, it is important that developments are approved in line with its details and not contrary to it.
For example, the Eden Quarter SPD provides detailed guidance on what would be an appropriate height for development on this site and how it should be distributed. The historic scale of the conservation areas that surround the site and of the listed buildings on the site, contributes to their significance and their distinctive characters. The recognition of this significance, as well as the larger twentieth-century developments that complete the Old Post Office site’s context, explain and justify the policy approach taken to building heights by
the Council in the Eden Quarter SPD. The SPD promotes a maximum height of 6-8 storeys for most of the site (figure 8). The SPD notes that the height of the development should step down in height (from 6-8 storeys) towards the listed buildings so as to be sensitive to their smaller scale. While the height plan does suggest that a building of 9+ storeys may be appropriate on the southern part of the site, the text requires development to respond to existing heritage, forming a sensitive and attractive backdrop and setting for heritage assets, including significant open spaces both in Kingston and other boroughs.
Position
Given the impact of the proposals on the significance of a wide range of heritage assets, and national policy on settings and local guidance on the appropriate scale of development on this site, we consider that the current scheme is unacceptable in heritage terms. We note the advice of South East Regional Design Panel regarding the form, massing and other architectural considerations. While we are yet to be convinced of the merits of this site for a tall building given the impacts that it would have on heritage assets, we share the panel’s concerns that there is too much development proposed on this site, in what is effectively one very large structure. This concern has not been adequately addressed by the alterations that have been made to the scheme, as the impacts on the setting of the heritage assets affected are still too numerous and too great.
Historic England considers that the two tower elements, now proposed at 19 and 13 stories tall, are too high and are the principal causes of harm to the heritage assets. The taller tower, as the design review panel noted, is intended to serve as a marker for the town in distant views. Unfortunately, some of those views are from Registered Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest, and conservation areas, whose significance (setting, character and appearance) is neither preserved nor enhanced by the tall building. We note that the revised design ignores the advice of the design review panel and increased the extent of glazing on the facades. In our view this is more likely to draw attention to how different this development is from its context, most obtrusively at roof level, where the new glazed top storeys are likely to be visually intrusive in all views of the site.
The lower tower requires a reduction of 5-7 storeys to comply with the recently adopted SPD. The height of the taller building also needs to be reduced to ensure that it respects its context and complies with national, regional and local policy and no longer cause harm to the setting of local and wider heritage assets. The TVIBHA correctly notes that the town centre suffers from the impacts of several insensitive post-war developments (para. 17.5). These, it goes on to say, have ‘undue dominance on Kingston’s skyline in near and distant views’. Regretfully it is these developments that the current proposals seek to surpass in height and prominence, and which are used to justify it. As the CABE/English Heritage Guidance on Tall Buildings (2007) notes, due to their prominence tall buildings can harm the qualities that people value about places. It goes on to state, with great pertinence to this proposed justification that:
“there have been too many examples of tall buildings that have been unsuitably sited, poorly designed and detailed, badly built or incompetently managed … The existence of a tall building in a particular location will not of itself justify its replacement with a new tall building on the same site or in the same area.”
To be acceptable, very large developments such as tall buildings should be in an appropriate location, of excellent design quality in their own right and should enhance the qualities of its immediate location and wider setting. Given its poor relationship to its historic context, we consider that the proposed development, and notably the tower elements, fail to meet these tests. This is a fundamental issue with the design approach adopted which seeks to create its own sense of place (TVIBHA para. 5:20), rather than seeking to respond successfully to the positive elements of the existing context.
Recommendation
The policy tests in the NPPF require ‘great weight’ to be given to the conservation of heritage assets and their settings. In our view, the proposals would cause significant harm to the setting of the listed buildings on the site, and harm to the setting of the Market House. Historic England considers that the development would detract from the Kingston Old Town Conservation Area and the Fairfield/Knight’s Park Conservation Areas, failing to meet the statutory test to preserve and enhance the character and appearance of locally and nationally designated heritage assets. It would also cause unnecessary and undesirable harm to the setting of Richmond Park, Bushy Park and Hampton Court Park and Hampton Court Palace which is of international significance, by increasing the prominence of built form of Kingston town centre and reducing the sense of openness and naturalness that is so important to these historic landscapes. In our view the harm has not been justified, despite the extensive documentation submitted.
As this site would clearly benefit from development and is a key part of the Eden Quarter Masterplan, we would encourage the Council to reject these proposals and encourage the developer to return with a scheme that respects its context and the unique identity of Kingston.
Please note that this response relates to historic building and historic area matters only. If there are any archaeological implications to the proposals it is recommended that you contact the Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service for further advice (Tel: 020 7973 3732).
Yours sincerely,
Stephen Senior
cc. David English, Historic Places Adviser
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